The pH Of Solutions The concept of pH is very convenient for expressing Hydrogen ion concentration.It was introduced by SORENSEN in 1909.Hydrogen ion concentration [H + ] are typically quite small numbers.Therefore,it can be expressed in terms of pH. pH is defined as the negative logarithm(log) of the base 10 of the H + concentration. Mathematically,it may be expressed as pH = -log[ H + ],where[ H + ] is the concentration of hydrogen ion in moles per litre. To calculate Hydrogen ion concentration we go through following step: Pure water ionises as follows- H 2 O  ⇌ H + +  OH - We can write the equilibrium expression as K = [H + ][OH - ] / [H 2 O] Since,water is so little dissociated,the concentration of on-dissociated molecules[H 2 O], is presumed to be constant.We can write K [H 2 O] = [H][OH - ] Kw = [ H + ][OH - ] where Kw is called product of ionic water and is value is 1 x 10 -14 at 25℃,i.e Kw = [ H + ][OH - ] log Kw = log[ H + ] + log[OH - ] -log Kw = -...

This Blog shows discussion of several topics important to the preparation,preservation and storage of pharmaceutical products.The major topics include ACIDS and BASES - frequently employed in the conversion of drugs to chemical forms convenient to their product formulation;BUFFERS - used to maintain the pH of various formulations within Prescribed Limits .

POSOLOGY (Greek ' Posos -HOW MUCH and logos -SCIENCE') is the science of doses .Since the optimum dose of drug to produce the desired therapeutic effect varies from person to person,therefore the doses of drug are actually expressed in the form of range.The prescribed dose is that which exert the Therapeutic effect in the majority of subject.It should be minimum for eliciting the desired therapeutic response and maximum that can be tolerated by an average subject.

Drugs cannot be used for administration in their native forms,and in order to obtain the maximum therapeutic effect, it is formulated or design in to dosage forms such as  Tablets,Capsules,Solutions,Suspension,Ointment etc.

Dosage Forms is a blend of drug component with non - drug component produced in definite physical forms,shape and size intended to be administered by a particular route of administration.These include tablets,capsules,solutions,suspension and creams.

According to route of administration, the other   type of dosage forms are   Rectal,Parenteral, Vaginal,Inhaled,Ophthalmic,Otic and Nasal

According to route of administration, the second type of dosage forms are Topical Dosage Forms.                                              Topical Dosage Forms  Topical Dosage forms are defined as the the medication which are meant to be applied on the surface of the body externally. Topical semi-solid dosage forms are normally presented in the form of creams, gels, ointments, or pastes. They contain one or more active ingredients dissolved or uniformly dispersed in a suitable base and any suitable excipients such as emulsifiers, viscosity-increasing agents, antimicrobial agents, antioxidants, or stabilizing agents. Preparations susceptible to the growth of microorganisms should contain a suitable antimicrobial agent in an appropriate concentration unless the preparations themselves have adequate antimicrobial properties. Assurance must be provided through ...

Dosage Form :- Dosage form is a blend of drug component with a non-drug component produced in a definite physical form,shape,size and intended to be administered by a particular route of administration.These include tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, creams etc. The Need for Dosage Forms: 1- Accurate dose. 2- Protection e.g. coated tablets, sealed ampules. 3- Protection from gastric juice. 4- Masking taste and odour. 5- Placement of drugs within body tissues. 6- Sustained release medication. 7- Controlled release medication. 8- Optimal drug action. 9- Insertion of drugs into body cavities (rectal, vaginal). 10- Use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs.  Classification Of Dosage Form : They are classified according to:- Route of administration-  1)Oral : Oral dosage forms are  dosage forms which are meant to be taken orally.These include  Tablet, Buccal and Sublingual tablet , Efferves...

Drug : Drug may be defined as an agent for use in diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease in human beings or animals.When administered orally, applied topically, inserted in to body cavity or injected in body, these agent either repair a body organ its function to normal condition. Drugs are obtained from the following sources :-       1)Natural Sources -                                                                                                                           Plants                         :  ATROPINE, RESERPINE, MORPHINE etc. Animal      ...

Dispensing of medication is defined as the supply of pharmaceutical product to an individual patient, his representative or owner of animal in response to a prescription written by a medical practitioner.  Patient counselling by the pharmacists is an integral part of dispensing.

Compounding is the process of extemporaneous preparation of dosage form  on receipt of prescription.Today relatively few prescription involve compounding, but the pharmacists mus still possess the knowledge and skills of compounding that he formerly did so that he can prepare special formulation.The steps of compounding of mediation are as follows :- 1) RECEIVING PRESCRIPTION : Prescription should be received by the pharmacists.Immediately the pharmacists should check patient name, age and whether it is handled by patient in person.While receiving the prescription the pharmacists in no way should facial or verbal expression, express doubts which may shake the faith of the patient in the physician. 2) READING TH PRESCRIPTION : Pharmacists should read the prescription thoroughly in privacy.If necessary, he can consult with another pharmacists or a physician without arousing doubts or fears in the patients mind. Pharmacists should maintain PATIENT MEDICAL RECORD (PMR) ...

The prescription should be written correctly by the medical practitioner,otherwise reading of prescription becomes one of the major jobs of the pharmacist.Most's of the today's prescription are written in English but number of times the spelling mistakes and confusing handwriting are major reasons in the understanding of prescription.Some of the errors in the prescription are as follows : ERRORS IN PRESCRIPTION WRITING :-  A)  Spelling : The availability of lakh of brands in the markets is the main reason due to which medical practitioner are unable to reproduce and write correct name and spelling of the medicine.There are certain medicine whose names are similar in spelling or  pronunciation. E.g.Tab. DULCOLAX (GERMAN REMEDIES) a laxative tablet and Tab. DUOCLOX (FDX) antibacterial tablet. B) Type of dosage forms   : The same drug can be available in tablet, capsule or liquid oral dosage form for adults, drops for pediatrics, gels/ointments for to...

There are 3 types of prescription which are as follows : CENTRAL GOVERNMENT HEALTH SCHEME PRESCRIPTION (CGHS)  : These prescription are for those who come under the health scheme of the government. These are not charged but levy charges may be taken. After Dispensing the medicines,prescription are sent to the account section for pricing. The prescription bears common information and a column for pricing. PRIVATE PRESCRIPTION  : Prescriptions are fully charged. These bears the same format as a typical prescription. Except drugs of controlled class,these prescriptions are returned to the patients. HOSPITAL PHARMACY : These include Two types  IN - PATIENT PRESCRIPTION : Prescription for in-patient are written on the physician's order form.The physician order forms are prepared in multiple copies for utilization in the pharmacy,in the nursing station and to attach to the patient medication record.The prescription bears information regarding hospital name,ward nu...