Dosage Form :- Classification Part 3

According to route of administration,the other type of dosage forms are Rectal,Parenteral, Vaginal,Inhaled,Ophthalmic,Otic and Nasal

In these part we would go through Rectal,parenteral and vaginal

(1)

Rectal Dosage Form

Rectal preparations are liquid, semi-solid or solid preparations containing one or more active ingredients. They are intended for rectal application in order to obtain a systemic or local effect.

Rectal preparation may require use various excipients. The excipients used should not affect the stability of final product nor the active ingredients.It should also be compatible with the components of dosage form.

The different categorize of Rectal preparation Include :

• SUPPOSITORIES
• RECTAL SOLUTION (ENEMA),SUSPENSION AND EMULSION
• RECTAL CAPSULE
• POWDER AND TABLETS 
• SEMI-SOLID RECTAL PREPARATION

Out of this category, We would see Suppositories and Enema

(a)

Suppositories

Suppositoriesare solid single-dose preparations intended for rectal application. They are prepared by moulding or compression. The shape, volume and consistency of suppositories are suitable for rectal application.

Suppositories contain one or more active ingredients dispersed in a suitable base that melts at body temperature.When prepared by moulding,suppository bases such as macrogols,gelatinous mixtures consisting of Gelatin,Water and Glycerol,Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil,Cocoa Butter are usually employed.

Excipients such as diluents,adsorbents,lubricants,anti-microbial preservatives and colouring matter may be added when necessary.

(b)

Enema

Enema are oily solution,suspension and emulsion of medicaments intented for rectal administration, to cause bowel evacuation.This is done to bring about local or systemic therapeutic action or to instill X-Ray contrast medium for examination of lower bowel.

Enemas can be broadly classified in to two types :

• Evacuant Enemas : Evacuant Enemas are employed to cleanse the bowel either to allow better visualization or for administration of radio-contrast material during diagnosis or to decrease the chance of contamination when bowel surgery is indicated.The volume of evacuant enema may be as much as 1 Litre.Such large volume enema should be warmed to body temperature before administration.The evacuation effect is of soft soap and turpentine oil is due to their local irritant action on intestinal mucosa. Ingredients like mineral oil,olive oil,glycerin and soft soap are used to lubricate the bowel.Starch mucilage is used for emollient effect.

• Retention Enemas : Retention enemas are used for local or systemic effect and their volume do not exceed more than 100 ml.They are especially helpful in infants and geriatric patients who have difficulty in swallowing.Retention Enemas are used to administer anthelmentics (QUASSIA),anti-inflammatory agents (HYDROCOTISONE),sedative (PARALDEHYDE),anti-asmatics (AMINOPHYLLIN),basal anesthetics or nutrients (DEXTROSE).

(2)

Parenteral Dosage Form

Parenteral preparations are sterile preparations containing one or more active ingredients intended for administration by injection, infusion or implantation into the body. They are packaged in either single-dose or multidose containers.

Parenteral preparations may require the use of excipients such as solvents, substances to enhance solubility, suspending agents, buffering agents, substances to make the preparation isotonic with blood, stabilizers or antimicrobial preservatives. The addition of excipients is kept to a minimum. When excipients are used they do not adversely affect the stability, bioavailability, safety or efficacy of the active ingredient(s), or cause toxicity or undue local irritation. There must be no incompatibility between any of the components of the dosage form.

The different categories of parenteral preparations include:

• Intravenous Injections
• Intramuscular Injections
• Subcutaneous Injections

(3)

Vaginal Dosage Form

1)Pessaries : Pessaries are solid medicated preparations designed for insertion into the vagina where they melt or dissolve. 

2)Vaginal Rings : Vaginal rings are designed to provide controlled release of drugs to the vagina over extended periods of time. 

3)Intrauterine Device : It is a birth control device placed in the uterus, also known as an IUD.The device has to be fitted inside or removed from the uterus by a doctor.

Pharmacists Thought

Poison And Medicine Are The Same Substance Given With Different Intents

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