According to route of administration, the other   type of dosage forms are   Rectal,Parenteral, Vaginal,Inhaled,Ophthalmic,Otic and Nasal

According to route of administration, the second type of dosage forms are Topical Dosage Forms.                                              Topical Dosage Forms  Topical Dosage forms are defined as the the medication which are meant to be applied on the surface of the body externally. Topical semi-solid dosage forms are normally presented in the form of creams, gels, ointments, or pastes. They contain one or more active ingredients dissolved or uniformly dispersed in a suitable base and any suitable excipients such as emulsifiers, viscosity-increasing agents, antimicrobial agents, antioxidants, or stabilizing agents. Preparations susceptible to the growth of microorganisms should contain a suitable antimicrobial agent in an appropriate concentration unless the preparations themselves have adequate antimicrobial properties. Assurance must be provided through ...

Dosage Form :- Dosage form is a blend of drug component with a non-drug component produced in a definite physical form,shape,size and intended to be administered by a particular route of administration.These include tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, creams etc. The Need for Dosage Forms: 1- Accurate dose. 2- Protection e.g. coated tablets, sealed ampules. 3- Protection from gastric juice. 4- Masking taste and odour. 5- Placement of drugs within body tissues. 6- Sustained release medication. 7- Controlled release medication. 8- Optimal drug action. 9- Insertion of drugs into body cavities (rectal, vaginal). 10- Use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs.  Classification Of Dosage Form : They are classified according to:- Route of administration-  1)Oral : Oral dosage forms are  dosage forms which are meant to be taken orally.These include  Tablet, Buccal and Sublingual tablet , Efferves...

Drug : Drug may be defined as an agent for use in diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure or prevention of disease in human beings or animals.When administered orally, applied topically, inserted in to body cavity or injected in body, these agent either repair a body organ its function to normal condition. Drugs are obtained from the following sources :-       1)Natural Sources -                                                                                                                           Plants                         :  ATROPINE, RESERPINE, MORPHINE etc. Animal      ...

Dispensing of medication is defined as the supply of pharmaceutical product to an individual patient, his representative or owner of animal in response to a prescription written by a medical practitioner.  Patient counselling by the pharmacists is an integral part of dispensing.

Compounding is the process of extemporaneous preparation of dosage form  on receipt of prescription.Today relatively few prescription involve compounding, but the pharmacists mus still possess the knowledge and skills of compounding that he formerly did so that he can prepare special formulation.The steps of compounding of mediation are as follows :- 1) RECEIVING PRESCRIPTION : Prescription should be received by the pharmacists.Immediately the pharmacists should check patient name, age and whether it is handled by patient in person.While receiving the prescription the pharmacists in no way should facial or verbal expression, express doubts which may shake the faith of the patient in the physician. 2) READING TH PRESCRIPTION : Pharmacists should read the prescription thoroughly in privacy.If necessary, he can consult with another pharmacists or a physician without arousing doubts or fears in the patients mind. Pharmacists should maintain PATIENT MEDICAL RECORD (PMR) ...

The prescription should be written correctly by the medical practitioner,otherwise reading of prescription becomes one of the major jobs of the pharmacist.Most's of the today's prescription are written in English but number of times the spelling mistakes and confusing handwriting are major reasons in the understanding of prescription.Some of the errors in the prescription are as follows : ERRORS IN PRESCRIPTION WRITING :-  A)  Spelling : The availability of lakh of brands in the markets is the main reason due to which medical practitioner are unable to reproduce and write correct name and spelling of the medicine.There are certain medicine whose names are similar in spelling or  pronunciation. E.g.Tab. DULCOLAX (GERMAN REMEDIES) a laxative tablet and Tab. DUOCLOX (FDX) antibacterial tablet. B) Type of dosage forms   : The same drug can be available in tablet, capsule or liquid oral dosage form for adults, drops for pediatrics, gels/ointments for to...

There are 3 types of prescription which are as follows : CENTRAL GOVERNMENT HEALTH SCHEME PRESCRIPTION (CGHS)  : These prescription are for those who come under the health scheme of the government. These are not charged but levy charges may be taken. After Dispensing the medicines,prescription are sent to the account section for pricing. The prescription bears common information and a column for pricing. PRIVATE PRESCRIPTION  : Prescriptions are fully charged. These bears the same format as a typical prescription. Except drugs of controlled class,these prescriptions are returned to the patients. HOSPITAL PHARMACY : These include Two types  IN - PATIENT PRESCRIPTION : Prescription for in-patient are written on the physician's order form.The physician order forms are prepared in multiple copies for utilization in the pharmacy,in the nursing station and to attach to the patient medication record.The prescription bears information regarding hospital name,ward nu...

The Major Seven Elements Of a Model Of Prescription Are Follows :- PATIENT INFORMATION : - Name,address ,age of the patient are necessary so as to avoid wrong delivery of medication to any other patient.Age and weight of the patient help in the dose of the prescribed drugs, especially in the case of pediatric and geriatric patients. SUPERSCRIPTION : - The symbol 'Rx' which is the abbreviation of Latin word 'recipe' meaning- 'take thou'.Initially it was believed to be the sign of Jupiter(♃) , THE GOD OF HEALING. INSCRIPTION :- The main part or the body of the prescription which contain the names and quantities of each ingredient require to compound and dispense products.A physician may ask the pharmacists to dispense an official preparation without giving its formula in detail. SUBSCRIPTION : - It includes directions to the pharmacists by the physician regarding the dosage form and the number of to be compounded and dispensed. SIGNATURE ( SIGNA) ...

Worldwide, changes in pharmacy or health care are driving changes in health profession. The pharmacy profession is expanding rapidly with pharmacists working in different areas. This includes dispensing of medicines, home care services, health screening, patient counselling etc. In developed countries the pharmacy profession is highly respected and recognized by the society for the effort that pharmacists take, his work and the image he has developed. Pharmacists are serving the world round the clock by way of proper dispensing, patient counselling, treating common disease and ailments and most importantly keeping the health history of patients up-to-date. The pharmacies are established for definite populations. all patients and consumers for OTC and cosmetics purchase their items from that pharmacy. Pharmacy maintain medical history with his phone number and e-mail. In emergency, it helps a lot to serve an individual within a couple of minutes. In case of adverse reaction, the ...

International Symbol Of Medicine The Word Pharmacy Is Derived From Greek Word 'PHARMAKON'' , Which Means Drug Or Medicine. Pharmacy As Been Defined As The Profession Which Is Concerned With The Art And Science Of Identification, Selection, Preparation, And Standardization Of Suitable Drug Substance From Natural And Synthetic Sources And Their Sources, Which Are Meant For Diagnosis, Prevention Or Treatment Of Disease. Disease Is Born With Man And Pharmacist Came In To Existence When Man First Used Herbal Drug To Cure A Disease . EGYPTIANS And GREEK Scholar Contributed Much In Initial Stage.The First To Attempt Systemic Classification Of Medicine Was EBERS PARYRUS (1550 BC ). HIPPOCRATES (400 BC) Is Referred To As 'THE FATHER OF MEDICINE' . The ' ASKLEPOIS' Is And His Daughter 'HYGEIA' With A Sacred Serpent Together Were Consider To Heal And From Them Emanated The International Symbol Of Medicine. 'GALEN' Born Around 129 AD ,W...